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The Fedreal Reserve System is a private bank operating for profit and at the same time acting as a Central Bank of the United States independent of the federal government and of the president of the United States. It is printing American currency and controlling the monetarny policy of the country since 1913 and therefore today it is in control of the business cycle of inflation and depression, despite earlier warnings and clear statement in the Constitution of the United States that the federal government has the exclusive right to issue US currency.
Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1802: “I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around the banks will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered.” Contrary to Jefferson’s warning the Federal Reseve System continues to act as the central bank of United States. It was organized by Paul Warburg. It should be noticed that his brother Max Warburg, who resided in Germany was the president of the Rothschild Bank in Frankfurt on Main and controlled German banking during World War One. Paul Warburg, was the main architect of the Federal Reserve System in U.S., an institution which played key role in financing American war effort during World War One, while Paul Warburg was its director. Federal Reserve System serves as the central bank in control of the monetary policy of U.S. and it has been from the beginning controlled by Jews, and operated free of any veto by the president of the United States. Federal Reserve System is no more “Federal” than is the “Federal Express,” private delivery enterprise. Gary Allen writes that the Federal Reserve System is a tool used by mostly Jewish conspiracy, thanks to which, international bankers are able to increase, without any limits, state debts and derive from these debts colossal profits, using compounded interest and thereby have control over governments unable to pay their debts. During the Wilson administration U.S. debt increased by 800% and it was increasing fast during Bush’s “war on terror,” especially because now the government of the United States, free of the gold standard, has monopoly to legally printing treasury bonds and Federal Reserve System can print dollar notes in any amount necessary to prevent bankruptcy and maintain dollars as the reserve currency in central banks and in trade on the world market of such commodities as crude oil, for example. The dollar printing monopoly makes dollars the safest currency in the world despite the huge deficits in foreign trade, for which deficit U.S. pays mainly with treasury bonds with guaranteed face value. Two month before the Federal Reserve Act was passed, the conspiring bankers created the instrument for payment of the astronomical state debts, in form of the federal income tax, proportional to personal income, just as Karl Marks had demanded earlier, in his Communist Manifesto. The bankers had reserved for themselves tax exemptions to minimize their tax burden and freely invest in revolutionary movements and war strategies, which serve the purpose of centralization of power in the name of homeland security etc. which today favors Jewish neoconservatives and gives them a chance to control the government by means of military-industrial-Zionist complex and to collect their profits and compound interests. Allen believes that during World War One, Bernard Baruch had full control over the US economy, as the head of the “War Industries Board.” This board, had been planned twenty years earlier, by banker-conspirators. Baruch then obtained for himself over $200 million, in today’s dollars worth billions. Paul Warburg had to resign from the Federal Reserve System, when it became known in America that his brother Max Warburg, was in charge of German state finances. The third of Warburg brothers, Felix, was a son-in-law of Jacob Schiff, who was the main partner of the New York firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. in which firm the three Warburg brothers were also partners. Max Warburg was, as I mentioned, also in charge of Rothschild bank in Frankfurt, Germany. Jacob Schiff successfully financed Leon Trotsky, with some $20 million and according to the book by a Russian general Arsene de Goulevich, “Tsardom and the Revolution,” received from Lenin’s government $100 million in gold during 1918-1922, paid directly to the firm Kuhn, Loeb & Co. in New York. Bolshevik Revolution was financed also by Max Warburg and Olaf Aschberg using money from “Nye Banken” in Stockholm, Sweden. Schiff spent millions for the overthrow of the tsarist government first, then of the Kerensky government, and at the same time he spent ten million dollars for help for Jewish population in Russia. Gary Allen believes that the same bankers dominated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and prepared the next world war by financing Hitler’s regime, as a “reaction” to Bolshevism and as a trigger mechanism for the Second World War. It is known that at Versailles, in 1918, the French marshal Ferdinand Foche pointed to the free city of Gdańsk and correctly predicted that Gdańsk would be the pretext to start the WWII. The career of Aleksander Helphand, the famous owner of the Wannsee palacial residence in Berlin, is described in the book by Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau: “The Merchant of Revolution – The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus),” London, Oxford University Press, 1965. In 1903 Helphand tutored Leon Trotsky on strategy of mass strikes and Marks’s original “revolution in permanence,” which later became Trotsky’s “permanent war for communism.” A century later, with the decline of communism, Jewish followers of Trotsky in New York, converted to radical Zionism and created the ideology of neo-conservatism, this time based on a “permanent war for democracy,” for building of a global empire and for benefit of the future hegemony of the state of Israel “from Niles in Egypt to Eufrates in Iraq.” The roots and anatomy of the “three trillion dollar swindle” which caused the financial crisis of 2008, is well described by Frank Partnoy in his book “The Inside Story of a Wall Street Trader” (1997). Professor Partnoy holds degrees in mathematics and economics, as well as a law degree from Yale School of Law. Frank Partnoy is now an assistant professor of law at the University of San Diego, where he specializes in financial market regulation.
Frank Partnoy started as a “derivatives” salesman at First Boston, the investment bank in New York. “Derivatives” are a class of “financial instruments” known as the most profitable and the most dangerous products ever devised by the Wall Street “cabal,” where unsuspecting consumer is the prey.
Portnoy describes how Morgan Stanley earned the largest fee in history, 74.5 million dollars, devising a “derivative” on which a Japanese company lost millions, because it could not understand the risks of the unregulated market in derivatives (risk stated in fine print). Thus, Portnoy shows how the unregulated and private „Central Bank of the United States” allowed the present crisis to happen and wy this crisis is known as the “three trillion dollar swindle.”
Audit the Federal Reserve: HR 1207 and S 604 Ron Paul’s bill to audit the Federal Reserve (HR 1207) now has 222 co-sponsors, and the numbers keep growing! At the same time, HR 1207’s companion bill in the Senate, S 604, is now beginning to attract its first co-sponsor!
This is history in the making, and victory is within reach. Imagine what will happen if HR 1207, The Federal Reserve Transparency Act, comes up for vote in Congress! With more than 50% of the House of Representatives already co-sponsoring this bill, it has real potential to pass — BUT only if we educate and rally the people to support it and get our Congresspeople to put it to vote and pass it.
Step 1: Your Representative If your representative is not on the following list of HR 1207 co-sponsors, call their offices, write to them, email them. Let them know they need to support HR 1207. If you live in their district, let them know. Go to their office.
Capitol Switchboard: (202) 224-3121
Audit the Federal Reserve: HR 1207 and S 604 Ron Paul’s bill to audit the Federal Reserve (HR 1207) now has 222 co-sponsors, and the numbers keep growing! At the same time, HR 1207’s companion bill in the Senate, S 604, is now beginning to attract its first co-sponsor!
This is history in the making, and victory is within reach. Imagine what will happen if HR 1207, The Federal Reserve Transparency Act, comes up for vote in Congress! With more than 50% of the House of Representatives already co-sponsoring this bill, it has real potential to pass — BUT only if we educate and rally the people to support it and get our Congresspeople to put it to vote and pass it. Step 1: Your Representative If your representative is not on the following list of HR 1207 co-sponsors, call their offices, write to them, email them. Let them know they need to support HR 1207. If you live in their district, let them know. Go to their office.
Capitol Switchboard: (202) 224-3121
HR 1207 Co-Sponsors (as of 6/12/2009)
Rep Abercrombie, Neil [HI-1] - 2/26/2009 Rep Aderholt, Robert B. [AL-4] - 5/6/2009 Rep Adler, John H. [NJ-3] - 5/6/2009 Rep Akin, W. Todd [MO-2] - 3/19/2009 Rep Alexander, Rodney [LA-5] - 3/10/2009 Rep Altmire, Jason [PA-4] - 5/20/2009 Rep Austria, Steve [OH-7] - 5/6/2009 Rep Bachmann, Michele [MN-6] - 2/26/2009 Rep Bachus, Spencer [AL-6] - 4/29/2009 Rep Baldwin, Tammy [WI-2] - 4/21/2009 Rep Barrett, J. Gresham [SC-3] - 4/28/2009 Rep Barrow, John [GA-12] - 5/12/2009 Rep Bartlett, Roscoe G. [MD-6] - 2/26/2009 Rep Barton, Joe [TX-6] - 5/4/2009 Rep Berkley, Shelley [NV-1] - 5/21/2009 Rep Berry, Marion [AR-1] - 5/20/2009 Rep Biggert, Judy [IL-13] - 4/28/2009 Rep Bilbray, Brian P. [CA-50] - 4/21/2009 Rep Bilirakis, Gus M. [FL-9] - 5/4/2009 Rep Bishop, Rob [UT-1] - 4/21/2009 Rep Blackburn, Marsha [TN-7] - 3/16/2009 Rep Blunt, Roy [MO-7] - 3/24/2009 Rep Boehner, John A. [OH-8] - 6/10/2009 Rep Bonner, Jo [AL-1] - 6/9/2009 Rep Bono Mack, Mary [CA-45] - 4/29/2009 Rep Boozman, John [AR-3] - 5/7/2009 Rep Boswell, Leonard L. [IA-3] - 6/9/2009 Rep Boustany, Charles W., Jr. [LA-7] - 5/13/2009 Rep Brady, Kevin [TX-8] - 4/22/2009 Rep Braley, Bruce L. [IA-1] - 6/11/2009 Rep Bright, Bobby [AL-2] - 6/11/2009 Rep Broun, Paul C. [GA-10] - 2/26/2009 Rep Brown, Corrine [FL-3] - 6/11/2009 Rep Brown, Henry E., Jr. [SC-1] - 4/28/2009 Rep Brown-Waite, Ginny [FL-5] - 5/20/2009 Rep Buchanan, Vern [FL-13] - 3/17/2009 Rep Burgess, Michael C. [TX-26] - 3/19/2009 Rep Burton, Dan [IN-5] - 2/26/2009 Rep Buyer, Steve [IN-4] - 4/30/2009 Rep Calvert, Ken [CA-44] - 4/29/2009 Rep Campbell, John [CA-48] - 5/4/2009 Rep Cao, Anh “Joseph” [LA-2] - 6/11/2009 Rep Capito, Shelley Moore [WV-2] - 4/1/2009 Rep Carney, Christopher P. [PA-10] - 6/9/2009 Rep Carter, John R. [TX-31] - 3/31/2009 Rep Cassidy, Bill [LA-6] - 5/4/2009 Rep Castle, Michael N. [DE] - 3/17/2009 Rep Chaffetz, Jason [UT-3] - 3/6/2009 Rep Childers, Travis [MS-1] - 6/9/2009 Rep Coble, Howard [NC-6] - 6/11/2009 Rep Cole, Tom [OK-4] - 4/21/2009 Rep Conaway, K. Michael [TX-11] - 5/7/2009 Rep Crenshaw, Ander [FL-4] - 5/4/2009 Rep Culberson, John Abney [TX-7] - 3/26/2009 Rep Davis, Geoff [KY-4] - 5/6/2009 Rep Deal, Nathan [GA-9] - 3/23/2009 Rep DeFazio, Peter A. [OR-4] - 3/9/2009 Rep Dent, Charles W. [PA-15] - 5/6/2009 Rep Doggett, Lloyd [TX-25] - 4/21/2009 Rep Dreier, David [CA-26] - 6/10/2009 Rep Duncan, John J., Jr. [TN-2] - 3/6/2009 Rep Edwards, Donna F. [MD-4] - 6/11/2009 Rep Ehlers, Vernon J. [MI-3] - 4/21/2009 Rep Fallin, Mary [OK-5] - 4/2/2009 Rep Flake, Jeff [AZ-6] - 5/11/2009 Rep Fleming, John [LA-4] - 3/18/2009 Rep Forbes, J. Randy [VA-4] - 5/20/2009 Rep Fortenberry, Jeff [NE-1] - 5/12/2009 Rep Foxx, Virginia [NC-5] - 3/10/2009 Rep Franks, Trent [AZ-2] - 3/23/2009 Rep Frelinghuysen, Rodney P. [NJ-11] - 6/3/2009 Rep Garrett, Scott [NJ-5] - 3/5/2009 Rep Gerlach, Jim [PA-6] - 5/11/2009 Rep Gingrey, Phil [GA-11] - 3/30/2009 Rep Gohmert, Louie [TX-1] - 4/23/2009 Rep Goodlatte, Bob [VA-6] - 4/28/2009 Rep Granger, Kay [TX-12] - 4/28/2009 Rep Graves, Sam [MO-6] - 4/22/2009 Rep Grayson, Alan [FL-8] - 3/11/2009 Rep Grijalva, Raul M. [AZ-7] - 6/3/2009 Rep Guthrie, Brett [KY-2] - 5/7/2009 Rep Hall, Ralph M. [TX-4] - 4/29/2009 Rep Halvorson, Deborah L. [IL-11] - 6/3/2009 Rep Hare, Phil [IL-17] - 5/11/2009 Rep Harper, Gregg [MS-3] - 5/11/2009 Rep Hastings, Doc [WA-4] - 5/11/2009 Rep Heller, Dean [NV-2] - 3/6/2009 Rep Hensarling, Jeb [TX-5] - 5/4/2009 Rep Herger, Wally [CA-2] - 4/21/2009 Rep Herseth Sandlin, Stephanie [SD] - 5/6/2009 Rep Hinchey, Maurice D. [NY-22] - 6/2/2009 Rep Hoekstra, Peter [MI-2] - 4/28/2009 Rep Holden, Tim [PA-17] - 6/4/2009 Rep Hunter, Duncan D. [CA-52] - 5/13/2009 Rep Inglis, Bob [SC-4] - 4/23/2009 Rep Inslee, Jay [WA-1] - 5/12/2009 Rep Jenkins, Lynn [KS-2] - 4/23/2009 Rep Johnson, Henry C. “Hank,” Jr. [GA-4] - 6/9/2009 Rep Johnson, Sam [TX-3] - 4/22/2009 Rep Johnson, Timothy V. [IL-15] - 4/23/2009 Rep Jones, Walter B., Jr. [NC-3] - 2/26/2009 Rep Jordan, Jim [OH-4] - 6/2/2009 Rep Kagen, Steve [WI-8] - 2/26/2009 Rep Kaptur, Marcy [OH-9] - 4/23/2009 Rep King, Peter T. [NY-3] - 6/4/2009 Rep King, Steve [IA-5] - 6/11/2009 Rep Kingston, Jack [GA-1] - 3/6/2009 Rep Kline, John [MN-2] - 4/29/2009 Rep Kratovil, Frank, Jr. [MD-1] - 6/4/2009 Rep Kucinich, Dennis J. [OH-10] - 6/11/2009 Rep Lamborn, Doug [CO-5] - 4/21/2009 Rep Lance, Leonard [NJ-7] - 5/11/2009 Rep Latham, Tom [IA-4] - 4/21/2009 Rep LaTourette, Steven C. [OH-14] - 4/28/2009 Rep Latta, Robert E. [OH-5] - 5/20/2009 Rep Lee, Christopher J. [NY-26] - 6/10/2009 Rep Linder, John [GA-7] - 5/6/2009 Rep Lipinski, Daniel [IL-3] - 6/4/2009 Rep LoBiondo, Frank A. [NJ-2] - 5/4/2009 Rep Loebsack, David [IA-2] - 6/10/2009 Rep Lucas, Frank D. [OK-3] - 4/21/2009 Rep Luetkemeyer, Blaine [MO-9] - 4/21/2009 Rep Lummis, Cynthia M. [WY] - 3/19/2009 Rep Lungren, Daniel E. [CA-3] - 5/7/2009 Rep Mack, Connie [FL-14] - 5/12/2009 Rep Maffei, Daniel B. [NY-25] - 5/12/2009 Rep Manzullo, Donald A. [IL-16] - 4/21/2009 Rep Marchant, Kenny [TX-24] - 3/11/2009 Rep Massa, Eric J. J. [NY-29] - 4/22/2009 Rep McCarthy, Kevin [CA-22] - 5/4/2009 Rep McCaul, Michael T. [TX-10] - 4/21/2009 Rep McClintock, Tom [CA-4] - 3/6/2009 Rep McCotter, Thaddeus G. [MI-11] - 3/19/2009 Rep McDermott, Jim [WA-7] - 4/29/2009 Rep McGovern, James P. [MA-3] - 6/10/2009 Rep McHenry, Patrick T. [NC-10] - 4/30/2009 Rep McHugh, John M. [NY-23] - 5/4/2009 Rep McIntyre, Mike [NC-7] - 6/10/2009 Rep McKeon, Howard P. “Buck” [CA-25] - 6/11/2009 Rep McMorris Rodgers, Cathy [WA-5] - 5/4/2009 Rep Mica, John L. [FL-7] - 5/12/2009 Rep Michaud, Michael H. [ME-2] - 5/7/2009 Rep Miller, Candice S. [MI-10] - 4/28/2009 Rep Miller, Gary G. [CA-42] - 6/10/2009 Rep Miller, Jeff [FL-1] - 3/24/2009 Rep Minnick, Walter [ID-1] - 5/13/2009 Rep Mitchell, Harry E. [AZ-5] - 6/9/2009 Rep Moran, Jerry [KS-1] - 5/4/2009 Rep Murphy, Patrick J. [PA-8] - 6/9/2009 Rep Murphy, Tim [PA-18] - 4/29/2009 Rep Myrick, Sue Wilkins [NC-9] - 4/28/2009 Rep Neugebauer, Randy [TX-19] - 4/30/2009 Rep Olson, Pete [TX-22] - 4/21/2009 Rep Ortiz, Solomon P. [TX-27] - 5/14/2009 Rep Pascrell, Bill, Jr. [NJ-8] - 6/9/2009 Rep Pastor, Ed [AZ-4] - 5/20/2009 Rep Paulsen, Erik [MN-3] - 3/30/2009 Rep Pence, Mike [IN-6] - 4/21/2009 Rep Perlmutter, Ed [CO-7] - 6/10/2009 Rep Perriello, Thomas S.P. [VA-5] - 5/13/2009 Rep Peterson, Collin C. [MN-7] - 3/19/2009 Rep Petri, Thomas E. [WI-6] - 3/10/2009 Rep Pitts, Joseph R. [PA-16] - 4/28/2009 Rep Platts, Todd Russell [PA-19] - 3/19/2009 Rep Poe, Ted [TX-2] - 2/26/2009 Rep Polis, Jared [CO-2] - 6/11/2009 Rep Posey, Bill [FL-15] - 2/26/2009 Rep Price, Tom [GA-6] - 3/10/2009 Rep Putnam, Adam H. [FL-12] - 4/28/2009 Rep Radanovich, George [CA-19] - 5/6/2009 Rep Rehberg, Denny [MT] - 2/26/2009 Rep Reichert, David G. [WA-8] - 5/20/2009 Rep Roe, David P. [TN-1] - 4/21/2009 Rep Rogers, Mike D. [AL-3] - 5/13/2009 Rep Rogers, Mike J. [MI-8] - 5/20/2009 Rep Rohrabacher, Dana [CA-46] - 3/6/2009 Rep Rooney, Thomas J. [FL-16] - 4/22/2009 Rep Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana [FL-18] - 4/28/2009 Rep Roskam, Peter J. [IL-6] - 6/2/2009 Rep Ross, Mike [AR-4] - 5/21/2009 Rep Royce, Edward R. [CA-40] - 5/12/2009 Rep Ryan, Paul [WI-1] - 5/14/2009 Rep Scalise, Steve [LA-1] - 5/20/2009 Rep Schakowsky, Janice D. [IL-9] - 5/6/2009 Rep Schauer, Mark H. [MI-7] - 5/20/2009 Rep Schmidt, Jean [OH-2] - 6/11/2009 Rep Schock, Aaron [IL-18] - 5/6/2009 Rep Sensenbrenner, F. James, Jr. [WI-5] - 5/7/2009 Rep Sessions, Pete [TX-32] - 3/23/2009 Rep Shadegg, John B. [AZ-3] - 5/7/2009 Rep Shea-Porter, Carol [NH-1] - 6/9/2009 Rep Shimkus, John [IL-19] - 4/22/2009 Rep Shuler, Heath [NC-11] - 6/11/2009 Rep Shuster, Bill [PA-9] - 5/7/2009 Rep Simpson, Michael K. [ID-2] - 4/28/2009 Rep Smith, Adam [WA-9] - 4/22/2009 Rep Smith, Adrian [NE-3] - 4/28/2009 Rep Smith, Lamar [TX-21] - 4/2/2009 Rep Speier, Jackie [CA-12] - 6/11/2009 Rep Stark, Fortney Pete [CA-13] - 3/26/2009 Rep Stearns, Cliff [FL-6] - 3/6/2009 Rep Taylor, Gene [MS-4] - 3/6/2009 Rep Terry, Lee [NE-2] - 3/30/2009 Rep Thompson, Glenn [PA-5] - 4/22/2009 Rep Thornberry, Mac [TX-13] - 5/21/2009 Rep Tiahrt, Todd [KS-4] - 4/28/2009 Rep Tiberi, Patrick J. [OH-12] - 4/28/2009 Rep Tonko, Paul D. [NY-21] - 6/9/2009 Rep Turner, Michael R. [OH-3] - 5/13/2009 Rep Upton, Fred [MI-6] - 4/29/2009 Rep Walden, Greg [OR-2] - 5/4/2009 Rep Walz, Timothy J. [MN-1] - 5/7/2009 Rep Wamp, Zach [TN-3] - 3/16/2009 Rep Welch, Peter [VT] - 5/21/2009 Rep Westmoreland, Lynn A. [GA-3] - 4/2/2009 Rep Whitfield, Ed [KY-1] - 5/14/2009 Rep Wilson, Joe [SC-2] - 4/29/2009 Rep Wittman, Robert J. [VA-1] - 4/1/2009 Rep Wolf, Frank R. [VA-10] - 6/11/2009 Rep Woolsey, Lynn C. [CA-6] - 2/26/2009 Rep Young, C.W. Bill [FL-10] - 6/3/2009 Rep Young, Don [AK] - 3/6/2009
Step 2: Your Senator HR 1207’s identical companion bill in the Senate is known as S 604, the Federal Reserve Sunshine Act, sponsored by Sen. Bernie Sanders.
If your Senator is not on the following list of S 604 co-sponsors, call their offices, write to them, email them. Let them know they need to support S 604. If you live in their district, let them know. Go to their office.
S 604 Co-Sponsors (as of 6/12/2009)
Sen DeMint, Jim [SC] - 6/11/2009
Step 3: Financial Services Committee HR 1207 is now in the House Committee on Financial Services. This is THE MOST IMPORTANT STEP in this legislation! If it doesn’t get out of committee it will not come to a vote! There are 71 members on this committee and they are all listed below.
We need to let all members of the House Committee on Financial Services know that we want them to allow full House consideration of HR 1207 so it can move forward; we need them to support this. Now is the time.
Call their offices, write to them, email them. Let them know they need to support HR 1207. If you live in their district, let them know. Go to their office.
House Committee on Financial Services
Chairman Barney Frank, MA
Republican Members
Rep. Michele Bachmann, MN [co-sponsor] Rep. Spencer Bachus, AL [co-sponsor] Rep. J. Gresham Barrett, SC [co-sponsor] Rep. Judy Biggert, IL [co-sponsor] Rep. John Campbell, CA [co-sponsor] Rep. Michael N. Castle, DE [co-sponsor] Rep. Scott Garrett, NJ [co-sponsor] Rep. Jim Gerlach, PA [co-sponsor] Rep. Jeb Hensarling, TX [co-sponsor] Rep. Lynn Jenkins, KS [co-sponsor] Rep. Walter B. Jones , NC [co-sponsor] Rep. Peter King, NY [co-sponsor] Rep. Leonard Lance, NJ [co-sponsor] Rep. Christopher Lee, NY [co-sponsor] Rep. Frank D. Lucas, OK [co-sponsor] Rep. Donald A. Manzullo, IL [co-sponsor] Rep. Kenny Marchant, TX [co-sponsor] Rep. Thaddeus McCotter, MI [co-sponsor] Rep. Kevin McCarthy, CA [co-sponsor] Rep. Patrick T. McHenry, NC [co-sponsor] Rep. Gary G. Miller, CA [co-sponsor] Rep. Randy Neugebauer, TX [co-sponsor] Rep. Shelley Moore Capito, WV [co-sponsor] Rep. Ron Paul, TX [sponsor] Rep. Erik Paulsen, MN [co-sponsor] Rep. Bill Posey, FL [co-sponsor] Rep. Tom Price, GA [co-sponsor] Rep. Adam Putnam, FL [co-sponsor] Rep. Edward R. Royce, CA [co-sponsor]
Democratic Members
Rep. Gary L. Ackerman, NY Rep. John Adler, NJ [co-sponsor] Rep. Joe Baca, CA Rep. Melissa L. Bean, IL Rep. Michael E. Capuano, MA Rep. Andre Carson, IN Rep. Travis Childers, MS [co-sponsor] Rep. William Lacy Clay, MO Rep. Emanuel Cleaver, MO Rep. Joe Donnelly, IN Rep. Steve Driehaus, OH Rep. Keith Ellison, MN Rep. Bill Foster, IL Rep. Alan Grayson, FL [co-sponsor] Rep. Al Green, TX Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez, IL Rep. Rubén Hinojosa, TX Rep. Jim Himes, CT Rep. Paul W. Hodes, NH Rep. Paul E. Kanjorski, PA Rep. Mary Jo Kilroy, OH Rep. Ron Klein, FL Rep. Suzanne Kosmas, FL Rep. Stephen F. Lynch, MA Rep. Dan Maffei, NY [co-sponsor] Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney, NY Rep. Carolyn McCarthy, NY Rep. Gregory W. Meeks, NY Rep. Brad Miller, NC Rep. Walt Minnick, ID [co-sponsor] Rep. Dennis Moore, KS Rep. Gwen Moore, WI Rep. Ed Perlmutter, CO [co-sponsor] Rep. Gary Peters, MI Rep. David Scott, GA Rep. Brad Sherman, CA Rep. Jackie Speier, CA [co-sponsor] Rep. Nydia M. Velázquez, NY Rep. Maxine Waters, CA Rep. Melvin L. Watt, NC Rep. Charles Wilson, OH
Here’s a sample letter you can use:
HR 1207 (House)
Dear Representative,
Please co-sponsor and/or support HR 1207, an effort to audit the Federal Reserve.
Recently, it has come to light that there is little to no accountability to the people on the part of the Federal Reserve. While the citizens of this country are required by law to give an accounting of every penny they come in contact with, the Federal Reserve has never been held to the same standard. During this time of extreme economic crisis, the people deserve an accounting of where our money is going.
Currently there are 222 co-sponsors for this legislation, and it is enjoying bi-partisan support. Your efforts in supporting this important legislation would go a long way in proving to your constituents that you not only hold the Federal Reserve to the same standard as you do your constituents, but it would also show that you believe in transparency. Anything less than support for this resolution suggests that you are in favor of secrecy and a lack of accountability to the people who pay the bills. We pay the tab; we have a right to know where our money is going.
Unlike recent bills that you voted in favor of that had hundreds of pages and just a few hours to read, this bill can be read in under 5 minutes. I encourage you to take the time to read it, and then move to support it.
Thank you in advance for your attention on this important legislation. I have every expectation that you will do right by your constituents and support this measure.
Sincerely, S 604 (Senate)
Dear Senator,
Please co-sponsor and/or support S 604, an effort to audit the Federal Reserve.
Recently, it has come to light that there is little to no accountability to the people on the part of the Federal Reserve. While the citizens of this country are required by law to give an accounting of every penny they come in contact with, the Federal Reserve has never been held to the same standard. During this time of extreme economic crisis, the people deserve an accounting of where our money is going.
S 604’s companion bill in the House, HR 1207, currently has 222 co-sponsors, and it is enjoying bi-partisan support. Your efforts in supporting this important legislation would go a long way in proving to your constituents that you not only hold the Federal Reserve to the same standard as you do your constituents, but it would also show that you believe in transparency. Anything less than support for this resolution suggests that you are in favor of secrecy and a lack of accountability to the people who pay the bills. We pay the tab; we have a right to know where our money is going.
Unlike recent bills that you voted in favor of that had hundreds of pages and just a few hours to read, this bill can be read in under 5 minutes. I encourage you to take the time to read it, and then move to support it.
Thank you in advance for your attention on this important legislation. I have every expectation that you will do right by your constituents and support this measure.
Sincerely,
Step 4: The People Tell everyone you know about HR 1207 and S 604 ask them to support the bills and to contact their representative as well. Link to this page and to CampaignForLiberty.com.
The Israel Lobby (Marije Meerman, VPRO Backlight 2007)
For many years now the American foreign policy has been characterized by the strong tie between the United States and Israel. Does the United States in fact keep Israel on its feet? And how long will it continue to do so? In March 2006 the American political scientists John Mearsheimer (University of Chicago) and Steve Walt (Harvard) published the controversial article 'The Israel Lobby and US foreign policy'. In it they state that it is not, or no longer, expedient for the US to support and protect present-day Israel. The documentary sheds light on both parties involved in the discussion: those who wish to maintain the strong tie between the US and Israel, and those who were critical of it and not infrequently became 'victims' of the lobby. The question arises to what extend the pro-Israel lobby ultimately determines the military and political importance of Israel itself. Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson (Colin Powell's former chief-of-staff) explains how the lobby's influence affects the decision-making structure in the White House. With political scientist John Mearsheimer, neocon Richard Perle, lobby organization AIPAC, televangelist John Hagee, historian Tony Judt, Human Rights Watch director Kenneth Roth, colonel Lawrence Wilkerson, Democrat Earl Hilliard, Israeli peace negotiator Daniel Levy and investigative journalist Michael Massing.
Research: William de Bruijn Director: Marije Meerman
Dziekanski of Poland brutally killed by Canadian airport security
Inquiry reveals more of Dziekanski's life in Poland Updated Sun. Apr. 5 2009 3:45 PM ET
The Canadian Press
VANCOUVER -- If most Canadians remember Robert Dziekanski as the panicked, out-of-control figure who died in RCMP hands at Vancouver's airport, Wojciech Dibon might tell them about the Dziekanski who acted as a father to him, taking him camping and teaching him about geography.
But Dibon wasn't able to tell the inquiry into Dziekanski's death about the man he knew.
Dibon, the son of a woman Dziekanski was living with, was 17 when he died and he remains so distraught over the man's death that he was unable to testify at the inquiry sorting out what happened at the airport early on Oct. 14, 2007.
"He and Mr. Dziekanski were very close," says Walter Kosteckyj, the lawyer for Dziekanski's mother.
"This young man didn't have a father figure, Mr. Dziekanski took him camping, taught him the skills of manhood, spent time with him."
Dibon was one of the last people Dziekanski saw before he made his fateful trip to Canada, coming along for the two-hour ride to the airport on Oct. 13, 2007.
Upon arriving in Vancouver more than 20 hours later, Dziekanski spent hours lost in the airport, unable to connect with his mother who was frantically searching for him in another area of the facility.
RCMP were called after Dziekanski, sweating and exhausted, started throwing furniture in the international terminal. Within seconds of arriving, the four officers stunned the man several times with a Taser, and Dziekanski died on the airport floor in the minutes that followed.
The amateur video of Dziekanski's chilling screams and his encounter with police will be the epitaph left for most Canadians, but his friends and neighbours recall a different man, kind and friendly but also with his own share of flaws, eager to start a new life.
Dibon was hospitalized shortly after Dziekanski's death.
"He's had a hard time dealing with that," says Kosteckyj.
Dibon's absence, along with the inquiry testimony last week of others who knew Dziekanski in Gliwice, Poland, adds depth to the man Dziekanski's supporters have angrily accused government and police lawyers of trying to vilify.
He loved geography and read many books about the country that was to be his new home, the inquiry heard.
He played chess and gardened.
He may have had some trouble with the law as a teenager. He smoked and drank.
He was terrified of flying.
"Like a normal person," says Iwona Kosowska, offering a simple explanation when asked to describe her former neighbour.
"He was a very, very good man."
Dziekanski was born in the town of Pieszyce in southern Poland and later moved with his mother to Gliwice, a small industrial city not far from the borders with Slokavia and Czech Republic.
He lived in the same apartment with his mother, Zofia Cisowski, for much of his life, until she moved in 1999 to Kamloops, B.C., where she found work as a janitor.
After Cisowski left, Dziekanski lived with Dibon's mother, Elzbieta, although it's still not clear whether they were romantically involved, and if so for how long.
While he was trained to typeset in a print shop, by the time he left for Canada he was mostly doing odd jobs, heavy labour or handy work. Without a full-time job or much money, his mother would send home cash from B.C.
He planned to learn English when he arrived and find a job, possibly working with his mother.
And he also wanted to travel across Canada to see a place he had only read about in the many books and atlases he had collected about the country.
His hobbies included playing chess and bridge with friends and working at a nearby garden plot given to him by a family member.
"I would play quite often chess with him and just before he left he gave me a gift of portable chess board," said Ryszard Krasinski, Dziekanski's friend of eight years.
"He had a huge collection of atlases and other geographical material and he had very deep knowledge of geography."
When he left for Canada, Dziekanski, who only spoke Polish, had barely been outside the country and never overseas.
His long trip to Vancouver was his first time flying, and the thought of being on a plane terrified him.
When a friend arrived to drive him to the airport, Dziekanski was in a panic, clutching a radiator, vomiting and refusing to leave.
The scene brings to mind the video of Dziekanski's final moments the next day in Vancouver, the would-be immigrant pacing around the international terminal, throwing furniture and rambling in Polish about smashing the area around him but also asking for help.
Dziekanski's neighbours insisted he didn't anger easily and was never aggressive -- a description echoed by border agents and airline staff who said he was calm and co-operative when they dealt with him.
RCMP lawyers at the inquiry have made much of Dziekanski's apparent legal troubles stretching back to an incident more than two decades earlier.
Dziekanski may have spent time in a reformatory school following a robbery when he was 17, but details have been foggy because it didn't result in a criminal record.
Police and prosecutors in Canada have also suggested Dziekanski was an alcoholic, but his neighbours say he was only a social drinker and had rarely, if ever, seen him drunk.
Whatever his problems, they weren't too much for Canadian immigration officials, who approved him to enter the country.
"He was talking about it quite often -- he told me he was going to Canada, where there is milk and honey," says neighbour and family friend Magda Czelwinska.
"He was very happy because he loved his mother very much and he couldn't wait to meet her."
Polish Prof. Boguslaw Wolniewicz on the Formal Ontology of Situations
INTRODUCTION "The theory presented below was developed in an effort to clarify the metaphysics of Wittgenstein's Tractatus. The result obtained, however, is not strictly the formal twin of his variant of Logical Atomism. but something more, general, of which the latter is lust a special case. One might call it an ontology of situations. Some basic ideas of that ontology stern from Stenius Wittgenstein's Tractatus, Oxford, 1968 and Suszko Ontology in the Tractatus of L. Wittgenstein - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 1968. Let L be a classic propositional language. Propositions of L are supposed to have their semantic counterparts in the realm of possibility, or as Wittgenstein put it: in logical space. These counterparts are situations, and S is to be the totality of them. The situation described by a proposition a is S(a). With Meinong we call it the objective of a." From: Boguslaw Wolniewicz - A formal ontology of situations - Studia Logica 41: 381-413 (1982). pp. 381-382.
"Different ontologies adopt different notions of existence as basic. Aristotle's paradigm of existence is given by the equivalence: (A) to be = to be a substance. On the other hand, the paradigm of existence adopted in Wittgenstein's Tractatus is given by the parallel equivalence: (W) to be = to be a fact. Now, an Aristotelian substance is the denotation of an individual name, whereas a Wittgensteinian fact is the denotation of a true proposition. It seems therefore that the notions of existence derived from these two paradigms should be quite different, and one might readily expect that the metaphysical systems erected upon them will display wide structural discrepancies. It turns out, however, that in spite of this basic difference there runs between these two systems a deep and striking parallelism. This parallelism is so close indeed that it makes possible the construction of a vocabulary which would transform characteristic propositions of Wittgenstein's ontology into Aristotelian ones, and conversely. To show in some detail the workings of that transformation will be the subject of this paper. The vocabulary mentioned is based on the following four fundamental correlations:
Aristotle 1) primary substances (substantiae primae) 2) prime matter (materia prima) 3) form (forma) 4) self-subsistence of primary substances (esse per se)
Aristotle's ontology is an ontology of substances, Wittgenstein's ontology is an ontology of facts. But concerning the respective items of each of the pairs (1)-(4) both ontologies lay down conditions which in view of our vocabulary appear to be identical. To show this let us confront, to begin with, the items of pair (1): substances and facts. (The interpretation of Aristotle adopted in this paper is the standard one, to be found in any competent textbook of the history of philosophy. Therefore, with but one exception, no references to Aristotle's works will be given here.)Relatively to the system involved substances and facts are of the same ontological status. Aristotle's world is the totality of substances (summa rerum), Wittgenstein's world is the totality of facts (die Gesamtheit der Tatsachen). For Aristotle whatever exists in the basic sense of the word is a primary substance, for Wittgenstein - an atomic fact. Moreover, both ontologies are MODAL ones, allowing for different modes of being (modi essendi); and both take as basic the notion of `contingent being' (esse contingens), opposed to necessary being on the one hand, and to the possibility of being on the other. Both substances and facts are entities which actually exist, but might have not existed. The equality of ontological status between substances and facts is corroborated by the circumstance that both are PARTICULARS, there being - as the saying goes - no multiplicity of entities which FALL UNDER them. Substances and facts stand also in the same relation to the ontological categories of pairs (2) and (3). Both are always COMPOUND entities, a substance consisting of matter and form, and a fact consisting of objects and the way of their configuration. But in neither of the two systems is this compoundness to be understood literally as composition of physically separable parts or pieces. The compoundness (compositio) of a substance consists in its being formed stuff (materia informata), and the compoundness of a fact in its being a configuration of objects. In view of correlation (4) we have also an equality of relation which a substance bears to other substances, and a fact to other facts. Self-subsistence is the characteristic attribute of primary substances: substantia prima = ens per se. If we take this to mean that each substance exists independently of the existence or non-existence of any other substance we get immediately the exact counterpart of Wittgenstein's principle of logical atomism stating the mutual independence of atomic facts. It should be noted that thus understood the attribute of self-subsistence or independence is a relative one, belonging to a substance - or to a fact - only in virtue of its relation to other substances - or facts. From a Wittgensteinian point of view Aristotle's substances are not things, but hypostases of facts, and thus their names are not logically proper names, but name-like equivalents of propositions. (By that term we mean roughly either a noun clause of the form `that p', or any symbol which might be regarded as a definitional abbreviation of such clause.) Surely, from the Aristotelian point of view it might be easily retorted here that just the opposite is the case: substances are not `reified' facts, but on the contrary - facts are 'dereified' substances. Without passing judgement on these mutual objections let us note in passing that their symmetric character seems to be itself an additional manifestation of the parallelism discussed." From: Boguslaw Wolniewicz - A parallelism between Wittgensteinian and Aristotelian ontologies. In Boston studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. IV. Edited by Cohen Robert S. and Wartofsky Marx W. Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company 1969. pp. 208-210 (notes omitted).
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS (Works in Polish are not enclosed) In 1970 Boguslaw Wolniewicz published a Polish translation of Ludwig Wittgenstein Tractatus logico-philosophicus.
A difference between Russell's and Wittgenstein's logical atomism. In Akten des XIV. Internationalen Kongresses für Philosophie. Wien, 2. - 9. September 1968 - Vol. II. Wien: Herder 1968. pp. 263-267Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp.193-197
"A note on Black's 'Companion'," Mind 78: 141 (1969).Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - p. 229."It is a mistake to suppose that in Wittgenstein's "Tractatus" the meaning of Urbild has any connexion with that of picture. "
A parallelism between Wittgensteinian and Aristotelian ontologies. In Boston studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. IV. Edited by Cohen Robert S. and Wartofsky Marx W. Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company 1969. pp. 208-217Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the philosophy of science 1966/1968.Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp.198-207
"Four notion of independence," Theoria 36: 161-164 (1970).Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp.127-130.WFour (binary) relations of independence I(p,q) between propositions are distinguished: the Wittgensteinian I sub-w, the statistical I sub-s, the modal I sub-m, and the deductive I sub-d. The validity of the following theorem is argued for: I sub-w(p,q) implies I sub-s(p,q) implies I sub-m(p,q) implies Isub-d(p,q). "
Wittgensteinian foundations of non-Fregean logic. In Contemporary East European philosophy. Vol. 3. Edited by D'Angelo Edward, DeGrood David, and Riepe Dale. Bridgeport: Spartacus Books 1971. pp. 231-243
"The notion of fact as a modal operator," Teorema: 59-66 (1972).Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp. 218-224"The notion of fact /fp = "it is a fact that p"/ is characterized axiomatically, and the ensuing modal systems shown to be equivalent to tT, S4 and S5 respectively."
Zur Semantik des Satzkalküls: Frege und Wittgenstein. In Der Mensch - Subjekt und Objekt (Festchrift für Adam Schaff). Edited by Borbé Tasso. Wien: Europaverl. 1973. pp.
Sachlage und Elementarsätz. In Wittgenstein and his impact on contemporary thought. Proceedings of the Second International Wittgenstein Symposium, 29th August to 4th September 1977, Kirchberg/Wechsel (Austria). Edited by Leinfellner Elisabeth. Wien: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky 1977. pp. 174-176
"Objectives of propositions," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 7: 143-147 (1978)."The paper sketches out a semantics for propositions based upon the Wittgensteinian notion of a possible situation. The objective of a proposition is defined as the smallest situation verifying it. Two propositions are assumed to have the same objective iff they are strictly equivalent. Formulas are given which determine the objectives of conjunction and disjunction as functions of the objectives of their components. finally a link with possible-world semantics is established."
"Situations as the reference of propositions," Dialectics and Humanism 5: 171-182 (1978)."The reference of propositions is determined for a class of languages to be called the "Wittgensteinian" ones. A meaningful proposition presents a possible situation. Every consistent conjunction of elementary propositions presents an elementary situation. The smallest elementary situations are the "Sachverhalte"; the greatest are possible worlds. The situation presented by a proposition is to be distinguished from that verifying it, but the greatest situation presented is identical with the smallest verifying. The reference of compound propositions is then determined as a function of their components."
"Les situations comme corrélats semantiques des enoncés," Studia Filozoficzne 2: 27-41 (1978).
Wittgenstein und der Positivismus. In Wittgenstein, the Vienna circle and critical rationalism. Proceedings of the third International Wittgenstein Symposium, 13th to 19th August 1978, Kirchberg am Wechsel (Austria). Edited by Bergehel Hal, Hübner Adolf, and Eckehart Köhler. Wien: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky 1978. pp. 75-77
"Some formal properties of objectives," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 8: 16-20 (1979)."The objectives of propositions as defined in an earlier paper are shown here to form a distributive lattice."
A Wittgensteinian semantics for propositions. In Intention and intentionality. Essay in honour of G. E. M. Anscombe. Edited by Diamond Cora and Teichman Jenny. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1979. pp. 165-178"More than once Professor Anscombe has expressed doubt concerning the semantic efficacy of the idea of an 'elementary proposition' as conceived in the Tractatus. Wittgenstein himself eventually discarded it, together with the whole philosophy of language of which it had been an essential part. None the less the idea is still with us, and it seems to cover theoretical potentialities yet to be explored. This paper is a tentative move in that direction.According to Professor Anscombe, (*) Wittgenstein's 'elementary propositions' may be characterized by the following five theses: (1) They are a class of mutually independent propositions.(2) They are essentially positive.(2) They are such that for each of them there are no two ways of being true or false, but only one.(4) They are such that there is in them no distinction between an internal and an external negation.(5) They are concatenations of names, which are absolutely simple signs.We shall not investigate whether this is an adequate axiomatic for the notion under consideration. We suppose it is. In any case it is possible to modify it in one way or another, and for the resulting notion still to preserve a family resemblance with the original idea. One such modification is sketched out below."
"On the lattice of elementary situations," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 9: 115-121 (1980).
"On the verifiers of disjunction," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 9: 57-59 (1980).
"The Boolean algebra of objectives," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 10: 17-23 (1981)."This concludes a series of papers constructing a semantics for propositional languages based on the notion of a possible "situation". Objectives of propositions are the situations described by them. The set of objectives is defined and shown to be a boolean algebra isomorphic to that formed by sets of possible worlds."
"A closure system for elementary situations," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 11: 134-139 (1982).
"On logical space," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 11: 84-88 (1982).
"Ludwig Fleck and Polish philosophy," Dialectics and Humanism 9: 25-28 (1982).
"A formal ontology of situations," Studia Logica 41: 381-413 (1982)."A generalized Wittgensteinian semantics for propositional languages is presented, based on a lattice of elementary situations. Of these, maximal ones are possible worlds, constituting a logical space; minimal ones are logical atoms, partitioned into its dimensions. A verifier of a proposition is an elementary situation such that if real it makes true. The reference (or objective) of a proposition is a situation, which is the set of all its minimal verifiers. (Maximal ones constitute its locus.) Situations are shown to form a Boolean algebra, and the Boolean set algebra of loci is its representation. Wittgenstein's is a special case, admitting binary dimensions only."Contents:0. Preliminaries; 1. Elementary Situations1.1.The Axioms; 1.2.Some Consequences; 1.3. W-Independence; 1.4.States of Affairs;2. Sets of Elementary Situations2.1.The Semigroup of SE"-Sets; 2.2.The Lattice of Minimal SE"-Sets; 2.3.Q-Spaces and V-Sets; 2.4.V-Equivalence and Q-Equivalence; 2.4.V-Classes and V-Sets;3. Objectives of Propositions3.1. Verifiers of Propositions; 3.2. Verifying and Forcing; 3.3. Situations and Logical Loci; 3.4. Loci and Objectives of Compound Propositions 3.5. The Boolean Algebra of Situations;4. References
"Truth arguments and independence," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 12: 21-28 (1983).
"Logical space and metaphysical systems," Studia Logica 42: 269-284 (1983)."The paper applies the theory presented in "A formal ontology of situations" (Studia Logica, vol. 41 (1982), no. 4) to obtain a typology of metaphysical systems by interpreting them as different ontologies of situations.Four are treated in some detail: Hume's diachronic atomism, Laplacean determinism, Hume's synchronic atomism, and Wittgenstein's logical atomism. Moreover, the relation of that theory to the "situation semantics" of Perry and Barwise is discussed."
"An algebra of subsets for join-semilatttices with unit," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 13: 21-24 (1984).
"A topology for logical space," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 13: 255-259 (1984).
"Suszko: a reminiscence," Studia Logica 43: 317-321 (1984).Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp.302-306
"Die Grundwerte einer wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassaung," Conceptus 19: 3-8 (1985)."The scientific world-view is one of the fundamentals of our culture. It can be characterized in part by its specific system of values. A world-view is regarded as a scientific one if "truth" is one of its primary values, that is, as a value which is not a means, but an end in itself. Truth is served in particular by the two instrumental values of conceptual clarity and openness to critique. Their standing is (at present) low, for two reasons. (1) Unclear thinking not only promotes social idols; its consequences are also often difficult to see clearly and immediately. (2) In any case truth is of no interest (in a biological sense) to human beings; therefore, critique can at best be a socially tolerated activity. On the other hand, truth is not only a value, but also a force which in the long run cannot be held back; this fact gives some hope to adherents of the scientific world-view. "
"Discreteness of logical space," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 15: 132-136 (1986).
"Entailments and independence in join-semilattices," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 18: 2-5 (1989)."The paper generalizes Wittgenstein's notion of independence. in a join-semilattice of elementary situations the atoms are the Sachverhalte, and maximal ideals are possible worlds. A subset of that semilattice is independent iff it is free of "ontic ties". This is shown to be equivalent to independence in von Neumann's sense."
"On atomic join-semilattices," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 18: 105-111 (1989).Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp. 307-312. The essence of Logical Atomism: Hume and Wittgenstein. In Wittgenstein. Eine Neubewertung. Akten 14. Internationale Wittgenstein-Symposium. Vol. 1. Wien: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky 1990. pp. 106-111
"A question about join-semilattices," Bulletin of the Section of Logic: 108 (1990).
Concerning reism in Kotarbinski. In Kotarbinski: logic. semantics and ontology. Edited by Wolenski Jan. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1990. pp. 199-204Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp.265-271
Elzenberg's logic of values. In Logic counts. Edited by Zarnecka-Bialy Ewa. Dordrecht: Kluwe 1990. pp. 63-70Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp. 286-292 (with the title: Elzenberg's axiology""1. Values are what our value-Judgements refer to, and the passing of Judgements is one of our vital activities, like sleeping and breathing. We constantly appraise things as good or bad, pretty or ugly, as noble or base, well-made or misshapen. No wonder that both the act of appraisal and that which it refers to - i.e. the real or spurious values - have been always the source of philosophical reflexion. In systematic form such reflexion is what we call axiology.In Polish philosophy it was Henryk Elzenberg (1887-1967) who reflected upon matters of axiology most deeply and incisively.(...)3. Leibniz had said somewhere: "There are two mazes in which the human mind is most likely to get lost: one is the concept of continuity, the other is that of liberty". This admits of generalization: all concepts are mazes, viz mazes of logical relations between the propositions that involve them.One such maze is the concept of 'value'. Possibly, it is even the same as one of the two mentioned by Leibniz, only entered - so to say - by another door. For it would be in full accord with Elzenberg's position - and with that of Kant too - to adopt the following characteristic: values are what controls the actions of free agents. Thus the concepts of value and of liberty should constitute one conceptual maze, or - which comes to the same - two mazes communicating with each other.To get a survey of such logical maze the first thing is to fix the ontological category of the concept in question. Thus, in our case, we ask what kind of entities are those 'values' supposed to be. (Ontological categories are the most general classes of entities, the summa genera A term even more general has to cover literally everything: like 'entity' or 'something'. For everything is an entity, just as everything is a something.)Different ontologies admit different sets of categories. The categories most frequently referred to are those of 'objects', 'properties', and 'relations'; the more exotic ones are those of an 'event', a 'set', a 'function', or a 'situation'. One point, however, is of paramount importance: the categories admitted In one ontology have to be mutually disjoint". p. 63; 66.
"A sequel to Hawranek/Zygmunt," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 20: 143-144 (1991).
Needs and value. In Logic and ethics. Edited by Geach Peter. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1991. pp.
On the discontinuity of Wittgenstein's philosophy. In Peter Geach: philosophical encounters. Edited by Lewis Harry. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1991. pp. 77-81Reprinted in: Logic and metaphysics (1999) - pp. 13-17.
"A question of logic in the philosophy of religion," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 22: 33-36 (1993).
On the synthetic a priori. In Philosophical logic in Poland. Edited by Wolenski Jan. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1994. pp. 327-336
Logic and metaphysics. Studies in Wittgenstein's ontology of facts. Warsaw: Polskie Towarzystwo Semiotyczne 1999.Contents: Preface 11; Discontinuity of Wittgenstein's philosophy 13; 1. Elementary situations as a lattice of finite length 19; Elementary situations as a semilattice 73; 3. Independence 127; 4. Elementary situations generalized 137; 5. Auxiliary studies 193; 5.1 The Logical Atomisms of Russell and Wittgenstein 193; 5.2 A parallelism between Wittgenstein and Aristotle 198; 5.3 Frege's semantics 207; 5.4. The notion of fact as a modal operator 218; 5.5 "Tractatus" 5.541 - 5.542 224; 5.6 History of the concept of a Situation 229; 6. Offshoots 243 6.1 Languages and codes 243; 6.2 Logic and hermeneutics 254; 6.3 Kotarbinski's Reism 265; 6.4 On Bayle's critique of theodicy 271; 6.5 Elzenberg's axiology 286; 6.6 Needs and values 293; 6.7 Suszko: a reminiscence 302; Supplements 307; Indices: Index of subjects 317; Index of names 326; Index of Tractatus references 329.
"Atoms in semantic frames," Logica Trianguli 4: 69-86 (2000)."Elaborating on Wittgenstein's ontology of facts, semantic frames are described axiomatically as based on the notion of an elementary situation being the verifier of a proposition. Conditions are investigated then for suchframes to be atomic, i.e. to have lattice-theoretic counterparts of his "Sachverhalte"."
"Extending atomistic frames," Logica Trianguli 5 (2001)."A "semantic frame" is bounded join-semilattice of elementary situations, with its maximal ideals to represent possible worlds and mapped into the complete sets of propositions determined by a given abstract logic (L, Cn). A frame is Humean if the elementary situations are separated by its possible worlds, and it is atomistic if the semilattice is so. One frame is the extension of another if the latter is an {0,1}-subsemilattice of the former satisfying certain conditions discussed."
Tractatus 5.541 - 5.542. In Satz un Sachverhalt. Edited by Neumaier Otto. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag 2001. pp. 185-190"In Wittgenstein's "Tractatus", thesis 5 is the Principle of Extensionality: all propositions are truth-functions of their clauses. This, however, has been often thrown into doubt. There are - it is said - compound propositions whose truth-value does not depend on that of their clauses. The usual example given are the so-called intensional contexts, like "John thinks that p", or "John says that p". And indeed, the truth-value of "p" is patently immaterial here to that of the whole proposition which it is part of.Wittgenstein's retort are the following much discussed theses, adduced here in a translation of our own:5.54 In the general propositional form, propositions occur in one another only as bases of truth-operations.5.541 At first sight it seems that a proposition might occur in another also in a different way.Particularly in certain propositional forms of psychology, like "A believes that p is the case", "A thinks p", etc.For taken superficially, proposition p seems here to stand to the object A in some sort of relation.(And in modem epistemology - Russell, Moore, etc. - these have actually been construed that way.)5.542 However, "A believes that p", "A thinks p", "A says p" are clearly of the form " 'p' says p "; and this is not correlating a fact with an object, but a correlation of facts by correlating their objects.The objection is met here in two steps. Firstly, it is pointed out that a proposition of the form "John says that p" is actually of the form "'p' says that p". The idea is this: the proposition "John says that Jill has a cat" means: John produces the sentence "Jill has a cat", the latter saying by itself that Jill has a cat. In such a way propositions get independent of the persons producing them, and communicate some objective content. It is surely not by John's looks that we come to know about Jill's cat, but merely by his words. Whom they stem from, is irrelevant.In his second step Wittgenstein follows Frege's interpretation of indirect speech, but with modifications. He points out that the formula " 'p' says that p " is equivalent to some compound proposition in which neither the proposition "p" as a syntactic unit, nor anything equivalent to it, does occur although there occur all the logically relevant constituents of "p" separately.(...)The distinction between abstract and concrete states of affairs is not drawn explicitly in the "Tractatus". But it fits well thesis 5.156, if we expand that thesis by a few words of comment, added here in brackets:5.156(d) A proposition may well be en incomplete image of a particular (concrete) situation, but it is always the complete image (of an abstract one).The circumstance that in 5.156 not "states of affairs", but "situations" are mentioned, is of no consequence in our context. We assume that states of affairs are just atomic situations, and so the distinction between "concrete" and "abstract" applies to both."
"Extending atomistic frames: part II," Logica Trianguli 6: 69-88 (2003)."The paper concludes an earlier one (Logica Trianguli, 5) on extensions of atomistic semantic frames. Three kinds of extension are considered: the adjunctive, the conjunctive, and the disjunctive one. Some theorems are proved on extending "Humean" frames, i.e. such that the elementary situations constituting their universa are separated by the maximally coherent sets of them ("realizations")."
"On a minimality condition," Bulletin of the Section of Logic 34: 227-228 (2005).
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